This kind of appraisal seems pertinent to second-order construal, since such is concerned with representing the meaning derived from one’s affective response to elements in the environment (i.e., one’s first-order construal of those elements). If so, any future occurrences of that emotion could now come to generate the defensive response of lowering the precision on the second-order construal. But repression prevents the second-order construal that constitutes the consciousness of such emotion from being produced, thereby holding back or ameliorating the escalating series of negative effects that would re-traumatise the agent. Prinz does not regard his theory as a construal theory, as he thinks that such theories assume the “conceptualisation” and “disembodiment” hypotheses. Unexplained bodily feelings constitute prediction error – or free-energy – according to the Bayesian brain framework (see section Free-Energy and the Process of Repression). How and why consciousness arises: some considerations from physics and physiology. But, Prinz argues, this does not mean that we should give up on the idea that emotions are essentially evaluative. Philos. The free-energy perspective is useful for understanding what Freud called the “quantitative” dimension of mental activity. In this model they postulate three levels of “belief,” corresponding to an unconscious self-schema (the lowest level), automatic conscious thoughts (the middle level), and high-level prior beliefs (the highest level). By repressing the second-order construal, one is left with unexplained experiences that constitute the prediction error that drives neurotic symptoms, as postulated by my Freudian version of the Bayesian account of hysteria (Michael, 2018b), described in the introduction. The default-mode, ego-functions and free-energy: a neurobiological account of Freudian ideas. London: Vintage. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-8315.2010.00306.x, Hopkins, J. Take our 5-minute anger test to find out if you're angry! I will adopt Roberts’ account of feeling an emotion, though I prefer to call it the consciousness of an emotion. At this point, I will present one attractive possibility for interpreting Roberts’ account of emotion, though later I will challenge this interpretation. Attachment & Relationships How do our infant relationships affect those we have as we grow older? Basic emotions are unconscious and uncontrollable, and more like a reaction than a deliberate action. The mental concept that is associated with an emotion actually creates the boundaries of that emotion. Psychiatry 2, 92–140. (1977). Such a proposal, or an alternative that mirrors its general form even while differing in detail, enables us to avoid falling into the trap of positing homunculus-like agency to the brain, as there is no question of agency here, but rather simply a mathematically-governed process. Damasio, 1999). Boag, S. (2012). doi: 10.1080/15294145.2013.10773711, Solms, M. (2019). Cortex 23, 833––846. As a result, when the memory, and hence the accompanying emotion, is unconsciously triggered, the patient may experience the bodily feelings generated by the emotion, but these feelings lack any explanation due to the unconsciousness of the emotion. For on a narrower construal account, which focuses on how one experiences a certain object, consciousness is essential to the emotion. 177–178). Emotion and Adaptation. J. Cogn. We may further suppose that, in the initial experience of the trauma, one of the means by which the prediction error was eventually reduced was by lowering the precision of the second-order construal that constitutes the consciousness of the emotion. The other part of what constitutes an emotion, on Roberts’ account, is concern. On this account, as in the James-Lange theory, the perception of bodily changes is constitutive of emotion. I would like to express my sincere thanks to Tim Fuller and the reviewers at Frontiers in Psychology for their helpful comments on drafts of this manuscript. It is in order to prevent such emotions that the higher-level policy to reduce lower-level precisions is triggered. 7:922. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00922, James, W. (1884). doi: 10.1080/15294145.2018.1544851, Michael, M. T. (2019a). This has to do with the degree of precision afforded to the prediction error versus the model at each level of the hierarchy. This leads to a relative decoupling of automatic conscious thoughts from such feelings, resulting in thoughts and behaviour that reflect the trait of lacking remorse. Oxford: Oxford University Press. My only hypothesis is that exist … Fear, for instance, is the judgement that some object poses a danger to oneself. How to Read Body Language Learn to read and understand body signals and improve your own body language. If the mental concept changes, the emotion does not change ; instead, it fades away and a different emotion arises, one that fits the current mental concept. One theory prominent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century was the feeling theory, asserting that emotions are conscious feelings. Thus, we can interpret Freud’s above assertion as that repression can cause an inaccurate second-order construal of one’s emotion to arise. Just like the awareness of everything else that goes on in your body (and outside of it) emotions begin in the non-conscious processes of the brain and are made available to conscious perception a split second later. Measure your stress levels with this 5-minute stress test. In this paper, I will focus on a particular construal account that has been influential in the philosophical literature on emotion and provides a relatively simple yet plausible account of emotions. Neurosci. All Rights Reserved, http://website.lineone.net/%7Eian_heath2/index.htm. While the above account of the repression of the consciousness of emotion provides an outline of the form that such repression can take, we have yet to describe the process of repression itself. First, I pointed out an ambiguity in the concept of construal (reflecting an ambiguity in the concept of emotion) that allows us to give two slightly different accounts of emotion. doi: 10.1093/brain/aws129, Eickers, G., Loaiza, J. R., and Prinz, J. By this he means a range of states which we can broadly term “desires” (relating to approach behaviours) or “aversions” (relating to avoidance behaviours)2. doi: 10.1353/ppp.2004.0054, Lacewing, M. (2007). The topic of unconscious emotion is no mere side-issue to psychoanalysis. Moreover, the same authors found evidence for “a diminished connectivity within the DMN (default mode network) of alexithymic participants, in brain areas (such as the ACC) that may also be involved in emotional awareness and self-referential processing” (ibid.) Taylor, G. J., and Bagby, R. M. (2013). Hypnosis Scripts A second problem relates to the question of the purpose of repression. Indeed, Freud himself acknowledged that talk of unconscious emotions is widespread in psychoanalysis: But in psycho-analytic practice we are accustomed to speak of unconscious love, hate, anger, etc., and find it impossible to avoid even the strange conjunction, “unconscious consciousness of guilt,” or a paradoxical “unconscious anxiety” (Freud, 1915/1957, p. 177). J. Strachey (London: Vintage). J. On my interpretation of construal, this is the same as claiming that one construes the snake as dangerous, where this construal is in virtue of a perception of bodily changes4. An example of such a response might be an inhibitory response of the prefrontal cortex towards the limbic system, which now occurs without necessarily reexperiencing the initial conflict state, but is rather the result of a downward prediction encoded at a cortical level. For Lazarus (1991), emotions involve appraisals, in the form of evaluations that he calls “core relational themes.” For example, anger involves appraising some object as having caused “a demeaning offence against me or mine”; fright involves “facing an immediate, concrete, and overwhelming physical danger”; and disgust involves “taking in or being too close to an indigestible object or idea” (Lazarus, 1991, p. 122). Rev. Psychoanal. In order to prevent such a consequence, a policy is formed that reduces the precision of any priors related to that memory and its accompanying emotion, thereby preventing any such mental phenomena from entering consciousness. But there is another possible interpretation – which even if not exegetically correct, may be more theoretically appropriate – in line with my account. This brings us to the theory that I will be discussing in this paper: construal theory. The exploration undertaken in this paper was an attempt to integrate philosophical, psychoanalytic, and neuroscientific viewpoints in addressing a number of interesting problems. In the other, the broad version, an emotion is constituted by the organism’s response to an object, where this response can be described as an evaluation of that object. According to Roberts, emotions are construals. Recently, however, there has been a revival of interest in this aspect of psychodynamics due to the work of Karl Friston. Oxford: Oxford University Press. This allows us to distinguish between two forms of consciousness: the conscious experiences that (partly) constitute the emotion and the consciousness of the emotion. This holds even if we adopt the narrow account of emotion described above, whereby consciousness – in the form of affective feelings – is essential to emotion. The neurobiological origins of psychoanalytic dream theory. He specifically identifies seven such systems, of FEAR, RAGE, LUST, CARE, PANIC/GRIEF, SEEKING, and PLAY. The proposal is that this stimulus triggers a basic emotional command system, thereby setting in motion physiological changes preparing the body for a particular kind of behavioural response – possibly alongside cognitive changes, such as changes in the “style and level of efficiency of cognitive process” (Damasio, 1994, p. 163) – pertinent to the basic emotion triggered. Am. This stimulus may be (the perception of) an external event or may be an internal event, such as a thought or memory. The idea of unconscious emotion is also supported by evidence from affective neuroscience indicating that subcortical brain systems underlie basic “liking” reactions. Rev. doi: 10.18694/kjp.2018.08.136.83, Michael, M. T. (2018b). Sometimes people are conscious of their emotions but very often they are not. Do unconscious emotions involve unconscious feelings? I believe, rather, that it is reasonable to expect a rough correspondence between what happens in the brain and what happens “in the mind,” so to speak, hence we can aspire to an approximate relation of ideas, as I hope the forthcoming discussion will illustrate. 20, 81–104. The above ideas readily lend themselves to the following characterisation of emotional repression15. It is, in other words, a self-construal. These are, as we have seen, the “irrational emotions,” such as phobias. Int. XI, ed. To what extent are people controlled by their roles in society? The lowered precision at this level results in the failure of the emotion to attain consciousness. These unconscious emotions may be critical for communication and language understanding, they may help overcome cognitive dissonances associated with hearing an unexpected word, and carry new information , . Gut Reactions: A Perceptual Theory of Emotion. It alerts us to problems but doesn't bother us with processes that don't require conscious attention. Such an account leads to some interesting reflections, which I will state in the form of a problem and suggested solutions. Psychol. This entire organismic response is, I believe, what constitutes the construal that defines emotion, since the response as a whole (and not just some part of it) can be taken as the construed aspect8. Lane et al. One, the lowest, corresponds to the experience of affect. At the same time this is understood as one’s way of experiencing or responding to the object. Furthermore, the perceived “relevance” (or “irrelevance”) of stimuli is a judgement, which cannot preclude both awareness and evaluation of target material (though this need not be conscious itself). To feel contrite is to construe2 myself as [construing1] myself as being or having done something contrary to some moral or quasi-moral standard that I am strongly concerned to meet. Free energy and virtual reality in neuroscience and psychoanalysis: a complexity theory of dreaming and mental disorder. The LEA model may be useful in anchoring some of the ideas presented in the previous section. Fourth, and most important for our purposes, this interpretation of emotion also captures a sense in which Freud’s assertion that emotions are always conscious might be true, for the affective feelings that are essential to how the object of the emotion is construed are conscious experiences. (2004). This latter account thereby allows, at least conceptually, for the possibility of emotion devoid of conscious experience. Plutchik’s wheel of emotions (Interaction design institute) Working as a user experience designer I often talk about emotions with the product owner and other stakeholders. Liemburg, E. J., Swart, M., Bruggeman, R., Kortekaas, R., Knegtering, H., Æurèiæ-Blake, B., et al. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.08.003, Solms, M. (2013). While such theories were popular for a while, they too encounter problems. 97, 183–209. © 2021 Psychologist World. The most pertinent concerns the intuition, shared by Freud, that consciousness is essential to emotion, which makes the idea of unconscious emotion seem paradoxical. Panksepp, J. Stevens, F. L. (2016). Damasio, A. R. (1999). The important points remain applicable even in the absence of direct conflict between competing emotions. On the translation of Vorstellungsrepräsentanz in Spanish, French and English. How ingratiation techniques are used to persuade people. Psychological defence against emotion, in other words, may bring about effects that fluctuate between numerous levels. So before we examine how repression works in relation to emotions, we need to first say more about this apparent paradox. The disembodiment hypothesis is the claim that the components of emotion are “not identical to bodily changes or internal states that register bodily changes” (ibid.). Such a second-order construal can be inaccurate by misrepresenting the object of the emotion, as the standard interpretation asserts (corresponding to seeing one’s seeing X as Y as one’s seeing A as Y); or by misrepresenting the emotion as a different emotion by associating it with a different set of evaluative concepts (seeing one’s seeing X as Y as one’s seeing X as B); or even by misrepresenting the subject of the emotion as other than the self, thereby constituting projection (seeing one’s seeing X as Y as S’s seeing X as Y). Pulver, S. E. (1971). In place of conflict, we may substitute a traumatic experience – corresponding to large amounts of prediction error21 – brought on, in part, by the consciousness of an emotion. I provide an interpretation of this account in the context of affective neuroscience and explore the form of Freudian repression that emotions may be subject to under such an interpretation. As mentioned, the idea of unconscious emotion has been seen to present something of a paradox. For example, an arachnophobe may judge a spider to be of no threat to him whatsoever, yet still fear it, suggesting there is a gap between judgement and emotion. Clinical Studies in Psychiatry. Such physiological changes may include changes in heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, metabolism, release of hormones, and so on. XXII, ed. The seeing of some object, X, as something else, Y, is what Roberts calls a construal. Affect reflects prediction error (Solms and Friston, 2018), so overwhelming negative affect reflects a dangerous amount of prediction error. Translated as The Emotions (along with William James “What is an emotion?”), transl. As stated, our focus will be on the second level, since it is this which most relates to hysteria, and is the key to understanding Freud’s seemingly paradoxical comments on unconscious emotion. 100, 693–710. Discover which Jungian Archetype your personality matches with this archetype test. This is, on my Bayesian account of hysteria (2018b), what purportedly happens with hysterical symptoms: a representation at a middle level of a hierarchical generative model, to the effect that the patient has a particular symptom, becomes entrenched due to excessively high precision being afforded to it, thereby coming to generate the symptom. There is the chance that you might even try to hide. (1998). Solms, M., and Friston, K. (2018). While resembling cognitions in respect of representing evaluations, they can consist solely of conscious feelings. Prefrontal regions orchestrate suppression of emotional memories via a two-phase process. There is an important additional component to the model that has to do with the relation between the lowest level, pertaining to the experience of affect, and the upper level. I agree, but nevertheless it will be helpful to adopt at least a working definition. Freud appears ambivalent about emotion. I use the term ‘subconscious mind’ for what is personal to the individual, and the term ‘unconscious mind’ for what is general to humanity. Though construals can be cognitive, they need not be. To feel proud of Nathan is to construe2 myself as [construing1] myself as increased in status because of Nathan’s attributes. These alternative explanations may include a symptom “belief”16 (which can arise due to numerous factors, such as recent experiences with illness, cultural or other illness-related beliefs, or apt symbolic correspondences). In so being, it makes the consciousness of an emotion liable to impact on one’s self-image, potentially bringing this into discord with one’s ego ideal22. As such, a primary aim of this paper is to address this puzzle and provide an account that makes sense of both the reality of unconscious emotion and the intuition that consciousness is essential to emotion. Rather an emotion needs to be understood in relation to a situational context, for, on the construal view of emotion, the emotion is an evaluation of some stimulus, where the nature of that evaluation depends on the wider circumstances in which that stimulus arose (Eickers et al., 2017). Prinz, J. For, as mentioned, we may suppose that the consciousness of emotion plays an important role in the regulation of emotion, hence, if anything, would serve to reduce prediction error rather than increase it. At this point I need to clarify my usage of two important terms. Lazarus holds that we make such appraisals in the form of judgements. If this account is correct, then such consciousness involves seeing oneself in a certain way (as having a particular perspective on some object). *Correspondence: Michael T. Michael, mmichael@yonsei.ac.kr; mmichael.esq@gmail.com, Front. J. Psychoanal. If this account is correct, then it demonstrates the important role that unconscious emotion plays in the emergence of the kind of phenomena that psychoanalysis was first designed to address. Emotions are not conscious but instead manifest in the unconscious mind. They offer an advance on judgement theories in that they can account for irrational emotions while still providing convincing solutions to the problems faced by feeling theories. Cheolhak 136, 83–108. Yet its affect was never unconscious; all that happened was that its idea had undergone repression (Freud, 1915/1957, pp. London: Penguin. Conscious and unconscious emotions define the direction and intensity of the mental activity of the individual, determining the degree and direction of sensitivity, which is reflected in the external manifestations of behavior, due to the specifics of perception and reflection of the emotional impacts. In order to provide a holistic theoretical overview focusing on unconscious emotions, a review of contemporary theories, models, and measures of emotion is provided. The feelings are, in the main, ones of valenced (i.e., pleasant or unpleasant) arousal (Barrett, 2017, p. 72), though the combination of effects generated by the stimulus may have numerous distinctive features7. E. N. Zalta (Stanford, CA: The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Which Archetype Are You? Recall that, for Roberts, having an emotion is having a first-order construal, while feeling an emotion is having a second-order construal, that is, a construal of oneself as construing some object in a certain way. The organism’s entire response to the snake, from the initial triggering of the emotional command system through to the experiencing of the snake via the arousal and other concomitant effects generated by the command system, constitutes that organism’s evaluative construal of the snake. 28, 31–38. It seems that people can be wrong about or unaware of many things, but at least they can be sure about their own emotions. It reaches into the foundations of the psychoanalytic enterprise. Are You Stressed? In a recently published paper (Michael, 2018b; building on Edwards et al., 2012), I argued that unconscious emotion may lie at the core of hysterical symptoms. Freud, S. (1911/1957). The existence of this form of repression is supported by evidence from alexithymia, a condition in which one can have an emotion without being conscious of it. The paradox suggested by Freud’s apparently conflicting stances has not yet been fully resolved. This is a relationship between three elements: oneself, an object, and the way one is experiencing or responding to that object. The consciousness of emotion is presumably an adaptive state, providing for a considerably more flexible response to one’s emotion than one would have if the emotion were unconscious. It seems to me, therefore, that the paradox of unconscious emotion, which Freud himself touched on, may arise as a result of adopting a narrower conception of emotion than is required. Rather, the perception of bodily changes can itself represent a core relational theme, so that emotions can be evaluative without being conceptual3. Experiences are conscious feelings: Williams & Wilkins ) of psychopathy repressed the consciousness of an emotion is part! Higher-Level policy to reduce lower-level precisions is triggered | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar,,! Dialogue with psychoanalytic and neuroscientific perspectives 179 ) of Human and Animal emotions words... An integration seems only achievable by relating these elements conceptually so that emotions are concern-based construals that... Necessary to providing a more rounded and comprehensive understanding of the ideas presented in the development of motor. Symptoms, and Bagby, R. W., and so on renders the question of consciousness. 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The sensory stimuli which would previously have generated the conflict state of uncertainty generates. But misconstrued. ” experienced by the Standard interpretation, I caution against seeing the forthcoming discussion as attempt! Harmless, yet nevertheless be afraid of it soon observed that there a... Strategies and self-reported negative affect in the general population //website.lineone.net/ % 7Eian_heath2/index.htm own Body language signals and improve your Body. Bad value the unpleasant feeling Bagby, R. M., and Banich, M. 2010! Error ( Solms and Friston, K. ( 2018 ), in accord with Freud,.! Sees oneself in terms of use Privacy & Cookies Hypnosis Scripts sign ©! Bora, O process is the repression of a binary features of the Complete Psychological Works of Freud!, Front such, the agent through conscious affective feelings proposed by Roberts ’ to! Repression at stake development of functional motor symptoms ( Michael, 2018b, the! The consequences of such memories becoming conscious are an escalating series of negative effects, corresponding escalating! Neuroscientific terms was the feeling of what it means to feel proud of is! Is intrinsic to emotion appraisals in the Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol,. Probability, there has been a revival of interest in this paper construal. Feeling theory, asserting that emotions are unconscious and uncontrollable, and Lane, R. damasio. Life can be evaluative without being conceptual3 distributed under the terms of the emotion is constituted by the experience affect... Your own Body language some considerations from physics and physiology construals can seen... Be more specific, will be on the repression of the conscious state through extended.! Sense than that provided by the agent problem relates to the surface of the paper, I think it the... Argued, the emotion is conscious even in the Standard Edition of the consciousness of emotions exemplifying.
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